>In artworks, the Scythians are portrayed exhibiting Caucasoid traits.[126] In Histories, the 5th-century BC Greek historian Herodotus describes the Budini of Scythia as red-haired and grey-eyed.[126] In the 5th century BC, Greek physician Hippocrates argued that the Scythians were light skinned[126][127] as well as having a particularly high rate of hypermobility, to a point of affecting warfare.[128] In the 3rd century BC, the Greek poet Callimachus described the Arismapes (Arimaspi) of Scythia as fair-haired.[126][129] The 2nd-century BC Han Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described the Sai (Saka), an eastern people closely related to the Scythians, as having yellow (probably meaning hazel or green) and blue eyes.[126] In Natural History, the 1st-century AD Roman author Pliny the Elder characterises the Seres, sometimes identified as Saka or Tocharians, as red-haired, blue-eyed and unusually tall.[126][130] In the late 2nd century AD, the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria says that the Scythians and the Celts have long auburn hair.[126][131] The 2nd-century Greek philosopher Polemon includes the Scythians among the northern peoples characterised by red hair and blue-grey eyes.[126] In the late 2nd or early 3rd century AD, the Greek physician Galen writes that Scythians, Sarmatians, Illyrians, Germanic peoples and other northern peoples have reddish hair.[126][132] The fourth-century Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus wrote that the Alans, a people closely related to the Scythians, were tall, blond and light-eyed.[133] The fourth-century bishop Gregory of Nyssa wrote that the Scythians were fair skinned and blond haired.[134] The 5th-century physician Adamantius, who often followed Polemon, describes the Scythians as fair-haired.[126][135]

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